Hazards of Welding Fumes

Welding produces hazardous fumes that must be controlled to safeguard employee respiratory and overall health. Welding exposes metals to high levels of heat creating gaseous fumes and nano-particles. The hazards of welding fumes depend on the contents of the metal, the type of welding process, and the frequency of welding. Fume extractors must be utilized to protect employees from the hazards of welding fumes as NIOSH states that respirators alone do not provide adequate protection (Ref 1).

Metal Composition Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes

First, the type of metal and concentration of each substance determines the level of severity of health hazards for welding fumes. The most common types of metal for welding are stainless steel, mild steel, and galvanized steel. The hazards of welding fumes by metal type are discussed below as well as a chart summarizing government regulations for each metal type.

Figure 1: Government Regulations of Common Metal Substances (Ref 2)

Stainless Steel

• Hexavalent Chromium Fumes — known human carcinogen for lung cancer (Ref 3). Small amounts of exposure have lasting health effects. Can cause other types of cancer — sinonasal, oral, liver, bladder, and esophagus cancers (Ref 4). Other effects: nose and throat irritation, asthma, wheezing, and damage to the skin, eyes, kidneys, and liver (Ref 5)
• Nickel Fumes — causes eye, nose, or throat irritation. Can cause dermatitis and lung problems (Ref 6).

Mild Steel

an increased risk of lung cancer resulted from the inhalation of mild steel welding fumes despite less exposure to carcinogenic compounds (Ref 7).

• Iron Oxide Fumes — causes siderosis, benign lung disease from particle lung deposit (Ref 6). Siderosis is non-cancerous but can cause nasal and lung irritation.
• Manganese Fumes — can cause manganism — a condition similar to Parkinson’s disease and results in trembling, stiffness, slowing of motor movement, and in severe cases anxiety, depression and aggression (Ref 8). Can also cause lung, liver, or kidney damage.

Galvanized Steel

Zinc Oxide Fumes — can lead to developing a condition called metal fume fever. Metal fume fever creates symptoms similar to the flu resulting in chills, muscle aches, nausea, fever, difficulty breathing, and decreased pulmonary function (Ref 9).

Other Metal Types

• Copper Fumes — may cause irritation in the eyes, nose or throat (Ref 6).
• Aluminum Fumes — irritates the respiratory system (Ref 6).
• Other Metal Dust — causes eye irritation, eye damage, and respiratory irritation (Ref 6).

Types of Welding Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes

Next, different types of welding affect the concentration of hazardous welding fumes thus increasing the health hazards. Below are the different types of welding listed in order of most fumes produced to the least amount of fumes by metal type.

Figure 2: Hexavalent Chromium Emission rates for 4 Welding Processes (Ref 10)

Figure 3: Mean Hexavalent Chromium Exposure by Welding Type (Ref 1)

1) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) — produces double to quadruple the concentration of hexavalent chromium (See Figure 2 above) (Ref 10). In several studies, shielded metal arc welding consistently poses the most hazards for welding fumes due to high concentrations of fumes (Ref 3). See Figure 3 as well.

2) Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) — concentrations are very close to shielded metal arc welding (Figure 3) (Ref 1). Other types of gas metal arc welding such as short circuit and pulsed spray have much less fume production (Figure 2) (Ref 10). The short circuit produces a quarter of the shielded metal arc welding hexavalent chromium fumes (Ref 10). Pulsed spray welding has the least amount of hexavalent chromium fume concentrations.

3) Flux Cored Arc Welding — From Figure 2, you can see flux core arc welding produces about half the amount as shielded metal arc welding (Ref 10).

4) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding — From Figure 3, gas tungsten arc welding produces much less hexavalent chromium than gas metal arc and shielded metal arc welding (Ref 1).

The frequency of Welding Effect on Hazards of Welding Fumes

Figure 4: Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risks based on health and type of welder (Ref 11)

Lastly, the hazards welding fumes and lung cancer risks can vary depending on if a welder works as a project or maintenance worker. See Figure 4 for the mean cancer risk for a study of 30 Iranian workers over a lifetime. The main contributing factory was whether a welder worked full-time or did it on a selective maintenance type basis. This study also compared previous respiratory ailments such as asthma to health workers, but the difference was minimal (Ref 11). In a 2017 Canadian population study, full-time welders chance of developing health hazards were compared to occasional welders (Ref 12). The full-time welders had a 16% increased chance of developing lung cancer, 78% risk for mesothelioma, 40% increased risk for bladder cancer and 30% increased risk of kidney cancer. Occasional welders had a 12% increased risk in developing lung cancer and 74% increased risk for mesothelioma with no increased risk for bladder or kidney cancer. This may mean that even minimal exposure to welding fumes on a part-time basis can pose health hazards as serious as developing cancer.

Welding Fumes Control Solutions

To properly control welding fumes, Sentry Air Systems offers a wide variety of fume control solutions. Sentry Air Systems provides benefits of flame retardant hoses and filter media, as well as small portable options adaptable for all types of welding situations. A self-supportive arm can be directed at the welding fume source or a “python” extra flexible hose allows the operator to attach the magnetic hood directly to a nearby surface.

Model 300 Welding Fume Extractor — SS-300-WFE

Best Use:

Low volume welding jobs that may change location frequently.

Features:

• Self-supportive fume extractor arm moves to capture fume at the source.
• Flame retardant arm and filter media
• Heavy-duty casters or wheels for easy mobility
• Ability to house multiple filter media

Filters Available:

• HEPA (Up to 99.97% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
• ASHRAE (Up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
• ULPA (Up to 99.9995% efficiency on particles down to 0.12 microns in size)

Air Volume:

350 CFM High

Learn More About the SS-300-WFE

Model 400 Python Portable Fume Extractor — SS-400-PYT

Best Use:

Welding in confined areas, elevated spaces, stainless steel pipe welding, and metal beams welding.

Features:

• 12’ L flexible hose (optional 25’ L hose)
• Flame retardant arm and filter media
• Heavy-duty casters
• Magnetic capture hood to attach to a surface

Filters Available:

• HEPA (Up to 99.97% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
• ASHRAE (Up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.5 microns in size)
• ULPA (Up to 99.9995% efficiency on particles down to 0.12 microns in size)

Air Volume:

700 CFM High

Learn More about the SS-400-PYT

Rugged Air — Cleanable Filter Welding Fume Extractor — SS-RGD-7HDA

Best Use:

High volume welding jobs with a need for portability

Features:

• 7’ heavy duty easily movable arm
• Flame retardant arm and filter media
• Industrial grade casters and portability handle for easy mobility
• A reusable cleanable filter that can be cleaned without removal from the unit

Filters Available:

Micro-Pleat Series 2 MERV 16 cleanable filter

Air Volume:

530 CFM High

Learn More about the SS-RGD-7HDA

Model 500 Heavy Duty Industrial Welding Fume Extractor — SS-500-WFE-MP1

Best Use:

High volume welding in a more stationary location. Multiple operator configurations are available.

Features:

• 10’ heavy duty easily movable arm
• Flame retardant arm and filter media
• Industrial grade casters
• A reusable cleanable filter that can be cleaned without removal from the unit
• 360° rotating source capture arm

Filters Available:

(4) MERV 16 Micro-Pleat Series 1 Particulate Cleanable Filters

Air Volume:

705 CFM High

Learn More about the SS-500-WFE-MP1

Model 2000 Ambient Air Cleaner — SS-2000-FH

Best Use:

Secondary device for welding room air cleaning can be suitable for light welding

Features:

Hanging or mounting configurations

Filters:

MERV 7 pre-filter (up to 70% efficiency on particles down to 3 microns)
MERV 14 ASHRAE (up to 95% efficiency on particles down to 0.3 microns)

Air Volume:

2,000 CFM High

Learn More about the SS-2000-FH

Reduce hazards of welding fumes today with welding fume control solutions!

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Feel free to give us a call to help you select a fume extractor for your welding site! — 1–800–799–4609

Sources

1. Department of Health and Human Services. “Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium.” Sept 2013, pp 2, 22, 38, 84, 99. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-128/pdfs/2013_128.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013128.
2. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. “OSHA Annotated Table Z-1,” https://www.osha.gov/dsg/annotated-pels/tablez-1.html.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. “Chromium Hexavalent Compounds.” Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition, 3 Nov. 2016, https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/chromiumhexavalentcompounds.pdf.
4. Higashi, Toshiaki; Kawaguchi, Takako; Morimoto, Yasuo; Noguchi, Shingo; Suzuki, Hideaki; Tanaka, Fumihiro; Ueno, Susumu; Yatera, Kazuhiro. “Cancer Risks of Hexavalent Chromium in the Respiratory Tract.” Journal of UOEH, The University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, 2018 Volume 40 Issue 2, pp 159, 163, 168. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/juoeh/40/2/40_157/_article.
5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. “Health Effects.” Hexavalent Chromium. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hexavalentchromium/healtheffects.html.
6. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). “Welding — Fumes and Gases,” Government of Canada, 2016 Oct 3. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/welding/fumes.html.
7. Andrews, R.N.; Antonini, J.M.; Battelli, L.A.; Cumpston, J.B.; Cumpston, J.L.; Dodd, T.; Donlin, M.; Erdely, A.; Falcone, L.M.; Kashon, M.L.; Kodali, V.; Leonard, H.D.; McKinney, W.; Salmen, R.; Stone, S.; Zeidler-Erdely, P.C.. “Inhalation of Iron-Abundant Gas Metal Arc Welding-Mild Steel Fume Promotes Lung Tumors in Mice,” Toxicology, Elsevier, 2018, Vol 409, p 24–32. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X18301380.
8. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). “Manganese,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018 June 26. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/manganese/default.html.
9. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). “Zinc Oxide,” NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2016 Apr 11. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0675.html.
10. Keane MJ. “An Evaluation of Welding Processes to Reduce Hexavalent Chromium Exposures and Reduce Costs by Using Better Welding Techniques.” Environmental Health Insights. 2014; 8(Suppl 1):47–50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4270263/.
11. Barkhordari, Abolfazl et al. “Cancer Risk Assessment in Welder’s Under Different Exposure Scenarios.” Iranian Journal of Public Health 43.5 (2014): 666–673. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449415/.
12. Demers, Paul A.; Harris, M. Anne; MacLeod, Jill S.; Peters, Paul A.; Tjepkema, Michael. “Cancer Risks among Welders and Occasional Welders in a National Population-Based Cohort Study: Canadian Census health and Environmental Cohort,” Safety and Health at Work: 8, 2017, p. 261. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605892/.

filed under: Fume Extractors, Hexavalent Chromium Fumes, Portable Fume Extractors, Wall Mounted Fume Extractors, Welding Fume Extraction, Welding Fume Extractor, Welding Hazards

Originally published at www.sentryair.com on November 26, 2018.